Handling errors with PHP

If no error handler is set, then PHP will handle any errors that occur according to its configuration. Which errors are reported and which are ignored is controlled by the error_reporting php.ini directive, or at runtime by calling error_reporting. It is strongly recommended that the configuration directive be set, however, as some errors can occur before execution of your script begins.

In a development environment, you should always set error_reporting to E_ALL, as you need to be aware of and fix the issues raised by PHP. In production, you may wish to set this to a less verbose level such as E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED, but in many cases E_ALL is also appropriate, as it may provide early warning of potential issues.

What PHP does with these errors depends on two further php.ini directives. display_errors controls whether the error is shown as part of the script's output. This should always be disabled in a production environment, as it can include confidential information such as database passwords, but is often useful to enable in development, as it ensures immediate reporting of issues.

In addition to displaying errors, PHP can log errors when the log_errors directive is enabled. This will log any errors to the file or syslog defined by error_log. This can be extremely useful in a production environment, as you can log errors that occur and then generate reports based on those errors.

User error handlers

If PHP's default error handling is inadequate, you can also handle many types of error with your own custom error handler by installing it with set_error_handler. While some error types cannot be handled this way, those that can be handled can then be handled in the way that your script sees fit: for example, this can be used to show a custom error page to the user and then report more directly than via a log, such as by sending an e-mail.